![]() Others use such terms as protoculture for animals. ![]() Thus some scholars say that animals have traditions but not culture. Some scholars argue that fundamental features of human culture are far more recent than the split between chimpanzees and humans. If, however, human culture is something distinct, then such similarities as there are between chimpanzee and human cultures make them analogous but independent developments. particular: A specific case an individual thing as opposed to a whole class. If chimpanzees, for example, share the crucial mental ingredients for culture with humans it would be reasonable to hypothesize that chimpanzee- and human culture are homologous, meaning that each species’ capacity for culture traces to their common ancestry. Cultural relativism refers to the belief that we should not judge any culture as superior or inferior to another culture. Cultural hegemony refers to domination or rule maintained through ideological or cultural means. Cultural relativism is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. culture: The beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people’s way of life. While this is a semantic problem it is also a serious scientific matter. The method most commonly used in a given society helps distinguish one culture from another. Shaking hands, bowing, and kissingall customsare methods of greeting people. Scholars disagree whether social learning is really all there is to culture or, alternatively, whether there are some defining features of human culture that make it fundamentally distinct from animal culture. Culture encompasses objects and symbols, the meaning given to those objects and symbols, and the norms, values, and beliefs that pervade social life. A custom is defined as a cultural idea that describes a regular, patterned behavior that is considered characteristic of life in a social system. A sub culture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture. If social learning is also considered a sufficient condition for culture, then many species besides humans have culture. A rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment. “Social learning” is by definition a necessary condition for culture. ![]() Culture typically is thought of as though it were attached to or identified with particular groups or societies or peoples. ![]() Culture is divisible into "traits" (single items) and "complexes" (more or less integrated or institutionalized collections of traits). However it is defined, it is agreed that culture is passed on from generation to generation-or "horizontally" between individuals and collectivities-in a manner that involves “social learning” rather than specific genetic programming. The classic anthropological definition of culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (E. 31 Cultural Particular: How different cultures express cultural universals what makes that cultural universal unique to that culture. ![]()
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